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(Reduction in Fuel Consumption Depends on the Fuel )Tj
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(Economy Display and Driver Sex: An Observed )Tj
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(Interaction.)Tj
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(Justin S. Graving, Micheal P. Manser, & Ensar Becic )Tj
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(University of Minnesota, ITS Institute )Tj
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(111 Church St SE )Tj
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(Minneapolis, MN 55455 )Tj
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(1-612-625-7118 )Tj
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(justing@me.umn.edu )Tj
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( )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
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[(Keyw)8(ords)]TJ
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( )Tj
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[(Fuel Econom)6(y)-12(,)-2( Interface, Driving, Driver Behavior, Design. )]TJ
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(1.)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
( )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
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(INTRODUCTION )Tj
/TT3 1 Tf
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[(Drivers)4( trained on EcoDriving techniques)4( \(e.g., reach )7(the )7(highes)4(t)-1( )]TJ
0.2155 Tw 0 -1.173 TD
[(gear quickly)-12(, avoid complete stops, engine braking, coast to a )]TJ
0.0007 Tc 0.3293 Tw T*
(stop, reverse with a warm engi)Tj
0.0018 Tc 0.3282 Tw 13.94 0 Td
[(ne, etc.\) have achieved )7(large )]TJ
0.0006 Tc 0.2427 Tw -13.94 -1.173 Td
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0.236 Tw 13.64 0 Td
[([3])7(.)-3( The results of EcoDriving )]TJ
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[(demonstrate )-7(that driving behavior contributes to fuel )]TJ
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[(consumption. Drivers\222 greatest opportunity)-12( )7(to )7(change )7(their )]TJ
0.0012 Tc 0.0288 Tw T*
[(driving )-7(behavior )-7(to reduce fuel c)]TJ
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(onsumption occurs on routes that )Tj
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[(contain m)6(u)1(ltiple signalized intersections. )7(Fuel )7(econom)6(y)-12( )7(support )]TJ
0.0005 Tc 0.0362 Tw T*
[(tools )-7(have been shown to help dr)]TJ
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[(this ty)-12(pe of environment [1, 2])7(. Fu)]TJ
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[(economy)-13( support tools have been 8-15% )7(greater )7(compared )7(to )]TJ
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0.0005 Tc 0.2228 Tw [(reduced fuel consumption )7(when )]TJ
0.0004 Tc 0.0829 Tw T*
[(provided with a Fuel Economy)-13( )7(Di)]TJ
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[(splay)-13( \(FED\) that was designed )]TJ
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[(drivers benefited from the presence of an FED, but )7(female )7(drivers )]TJ
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(reduced fuel consumption without )Tj
0.0013 Tc 0.002 Tw 13.973 0 Td
[(the assistance of a display)-12(.)-2( )]TJ
/TT2 1 Tf
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(2.)Tj
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( )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
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(METHODS )Tj
/TT3 1 Tf
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[(Data from 28 participants \(14 female, aged 18-50\) are )7(reported. )]TJ
0.0004 Tc 0.1296 Tw T*
[(This study)-13( was conducted using an)]TJ
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( Oktal driving simulator. We )Tj
0.0016 Tc 0.0017 Tw -14.647 -1.173 Td
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(three signalized intersections. )Tj
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(but )Tj
/TT4 1 Tf
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(as fuel efficiently as possible )Tj
/TT3 1 Tf
0.0007 Tc 0.0893 Tw 12.227 0 Td
(\(drive 2\) )Tj
/C2_0 1 Tf
0 Tc 0 Tw <00ED>Tj
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[(we did not )7(tell )7(them )]TJ
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(2 drove with an FED that showed)Tj
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(miles per gallon, and Group 3 serv)Tj
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[(without a display)-12(.)-2( )]TJ
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( )Tj
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(3.)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
( )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
-0.0018 Tc 1.35 0 Td
(RESULTS )Tj
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(We derived our dependent measur)Tj
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0.0002 Tc 0.1498 Tw 0 -1.173 TD
[(consumption from the Drive 2 fuel consumption )7(\()]TJ
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/TT3 1 Tf
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[( m)6(L)-1(\). There )]TJ
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[(Group \(p = .059\). The change )7(in )7(fuel )7(consumption )7(for )7(male )]TJ
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[(drivers )-7(was )-7(dependent )-7(on )-7(the )-7(presence and ty)-13(pe of FED in the )]TJ
0.0017 Tc 0.295 Tw T*
[(vehicle. )-7( The change in fuel )]TJ
0.0006 Tc 0.2961 Tw 13.18 0 Td
[(consumption exhibited by)-13( male )]TJ
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[(participants )-7(in )-7(Group )-7(1 was significantly)-12( greater compared to )]TJ
0.2092 Tw T*
[(male participants in Group 2 \(p = .04\) and )7(Group )7(3\(p )7(= )7(.01\). )]TJ
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[(Although all female drivers were able )7(to )7(reduce )7(their )7(fuel )]TJ
0.0009 Tc 0.0158 Tw T*
[(consumption )-7(during )-7(Drive )-7(2, )-7(to a greater extent than male drivers, )]TJ
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(there were no significant differen)Tj
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[(ces )-7(between )-7(the three Groups. In )]TJ
0.0022 Tw -13.453 -1.173 Td
[(other words, they)-12( changed their fuel consumption equivalently)-12(. )]TJ
/TT2 1 Tf
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(4.)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
( )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
-0.0009 Tc 1.35 0 Td
(CONCLUSIONS )Tj
/TT3 1 Tf
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[(There was a change in fuel consumption that depended on if )7(the )]TJ
0.0005 Tc 0.1095 Tw T*
[(driver was male or female, )7(and )7(wh)]TJ
0.0013 Tc 0.102 Tw 14.52 0 Td
[(ich, if any)-12(,)-2( F)4(E)-1(D was)4( pres)4(ent. )100( )]TJ
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(Females reduced fuel consumption )Tj
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(independent of whether or not )Tj
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[(consumption )-7(without )-7(an )-7(FED )-7(but showed a large changed when )]TJ
0.0014 Tc 0.1219 Tw T*
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0.0016 Tc 0.4151 Tw T*
[(drivers)4( \226F)4(em)6(ale drivers)4( in this)4( cas)4(e, can reduce their fuel )]TJ
0.0009 Tc 0.0491 Tw T*
[(consumption for at least one drive buy)-12( carry)-12(ing out latent driving )]TJ
0.0016 Tc 0.2284 Tw T*
[(s)4(t)-1(rategies)4( to reduce their fuel )]TJ
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[(consumption. )-7(Other drivers may)-13( )]TJ
0.0012 Tc 0.3155 Tw -13.04 -1.173 Td
(require a visual representation )Tj
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[(of how their driving )7(behavior )]TJ
/TT4 1 Tf
0.0009 Tc 0 Tw -13.627 -1.173 Td
(controls)Tj
/TT3 1 Tf
0.0013 Tc 0.002 Tw 3.28 0 Td
( the fuel consumption of their vehicle. )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
0 Tc 0 Tw 12 0 0 12 317.88 214.08 Tm
(5.)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
( )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
-0.0018 Tc 1.35 0 Td
(REFERENCES )Tj
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([1])Tj
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( )Tj
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(Johansson, H., Gustafsson, P)Tj
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[(., H)4(e)-1(nke, M)5(., & Ros)5(e)-1(ngren, M)5(.)-1( )]TJ
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(\(June, 2003\). Impact of EcoDri)Tj
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(ving on emissions. Transport )Tj
0.0007 Tc 0.0026 Tw -12.527 -1.173 Td
(and Air Pollution. )Tj
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[(Pr)4(oceedings)4( fr)4(om the 12th Sympos)4(ium. )]TJ
0.0014 Tc 0.0019 Tw -7.467 -1.173 Td
(Avignon, France )Tj
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([2])Tj
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( )Tj
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(Larsson & Ericsson. \(2009\). The effects of an acceleration )Tj
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[(advisory)-12( tool in vehicles for reduced fuel consumption and )]TJ
-0.0004 Tc 0 Tw T*
[(e)-3(m)4(issions.)-4( )]TJ
/TT4 1 Tf
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(Transportation Research Part D)Tj
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0.0012 Tc 0.0021 Tw 13.04 0 Td
(, 14, 141-146. )Tj
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([3])Tj
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( )Tj
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0.0009 Tc 0.0024 Tw 0.84 0 Td
[(Voort, M., Dougherty)-12(,)-2( M. S)]TJ
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(., & Maarseveen, M. \(2001\). A )Tj
0.0014 Tc 0.0019 Tw -11.233 -1.173 Td
[(prototy)-12(p)1(e fuel-efficiency)-12( support tool. )]TJ
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(Transportation )Tj
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(Research Part C)Tj
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0.0013 Tc 0.002 Tw 6.68 0 Td
(, 9, 279-296. )Tj
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( )Tj
0.0014 Tc 0.8839 Tw 7.98 0 0 7.98 57.72 140.1001 Tm
[(Resear)4(ch )-8(Funded by)5( the National Highway)5( T)3(r)4(affic Safety)5( )]TJ
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[(Adm)20(i)1(nistr)4(a)2(tion \()4(NHT)3(SA\))4( )]TJ
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( )Tj
0.0027 Tc -0.0046 Tw T*
[(Copy)7(r)5(i)2(ght held by)7( author)5(\()5(s)1(\))5( )]TJ
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[(Novem)20(b)-2(er, )-7(11-12, 2010, P)-2(ittsburgh, Pennsy)5(l)1(vania. )]TJ
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(Adjunct Proceedings )Tj
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( )Tj
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